Little Buddha The Path of the Enlightenment

Despite the fact that Bertolucci’s movie has a number of flaws, historical inaccuracies and a rather jumbled plot, it can still be considered a rather impressive and memorable interpretation of Siddhartha and the Four Noble Truths. The first noble truth, i.e., the truth of dukkha, or suffering and anxiety, is shown in Siddhartha’s battle with Mara, i.e., the demon representing the ego.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Little Buddha: The Path of the Enlightenment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In the process, Jesse practically defeats himself; thus, through the denial of his self, he learns the nature of non-self, which leads him to the Enlightenment. The Second Truth, i.e., the origin of dukkha, is represented by Jesse’s parents, whose ignorance prevents them from letting Jesse join the ranks of the Buddhist monks. The representation of the Third Truth i.e., the cessation of dukkha, can be t raced in Jesse’s way from a Buddhist to a Buddha. Eventually, the movie unwraps the secret of the Fourth Truth, which is the path to the cessation of dukkha, as the leading character fights his personal demons to become the Enlightened One. The movie follows the source material very closely, representing each part of The Dhammapada in a unique and original way. Pairs: Hatred is never appeased by hatred in this world. By non-hatred alone is hatred appeased.Advertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More This is a law eternal (The Dhammapada). In the scene with the serpent, the latter embodies hatred. Just as rain does not break through a well-thatched house, so passion never penetrates a well-developed mind (The Dhammapada). The given concept is shown through Siddhartha’s fight with the serpent. Heedfulness: Heedlessness is the path to death (The Dhammapada).Advertising We wil l write a custom essay sample on Little Buddha: The Path of the Enlightenment specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ever grows the glory of him who is energetic mindful and pure in conduct, discerning and self-controlled, righteous and heedful (The Dhammapada). As Siddhartha acquires new skills and learns new ideas, he fights his heedlessness. The mind: As a fish when pulled out of waterAdvertising Looking for essay on art and design? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More and cast on land throbs and quivers, even so is this mind agitated. Hence should one abandon the realm of Mara (The Dhammapada). Whatever harm an enemy may do to an enemy, or a hater to a hater, an ill-directed mind inflicts on oneself a greater harm (The Dhammapada). Again, the scene with the snake represents the pitfall of hatred. Flowers: As a mighty flood sweeps away the sleeping village, so death carries away the person of distracted mind who only plucks the flowers (of pleasure) (The Dhammapada). Upon a heap of rubbish in the road-side ditch blooms a lotus, fragrant and pleasing (The Dhammapada). With lotuses representing pleasures, the movie portrays the dangers of indulging into pleasures well enough. The fool: A fool who knows his foolishness is wise at least to that extent, but a fool who thinks himself wise is a fool indeed (The Dhammapada). Fools of little wit are enemies unto themselves (The Dhammapada) The concept of a fool is introduced by Siddhartha’s parents, who are at first unwilling to let their son become Sidhartha. The wise: On hearing the Teachings, the wise become perfectly purified, like a lake deep, clear and still (The Dhammapada). Those whose minds have reached full excellence in the factors of enlightenment, who, having renounced acquisitiveness, rejoice in not clinging to things — rid of cankers, glowing with wisdom, they have attained Nibbana in this very life (The Dhammapada). Wisdom, on the contrary, is introduced in the scenes with the monks. The arahant: The fever of passion exists not for him who has completed the journey (The Dhammapada) Inspiring, indeed, is that place where Arahants dwell, be it a village, a forest, a vale, or a hill (The Dhammapada) In the scene when the lead becomes Siddhartha, the latter is shown as a person who yet has much to learn. The thousands: Better than a thousand useless words is one useful word (The Dhammapada) Better it is to live one day strenuous and resolute than to live a h undred years sluggish and dissipated (The Dhammapada). The scene in which Siddhartha turns thousands of flaming arrows into flowers can be considered an allusion for Thousands. Evil: Hasten to do good; restrain your mind from evil. He who is slow in doing good, his mind delights in evil. (The Dhammapada) The snake in the movie represents evil. Some are born in the womb; the wicked are born in hell; the devout go to heaven; the stainless pass into Nibbana. (The Dhammapada) Siddhartha’s path to wisdom represents a progression from evil to stainless. Violence: Putting oneself in the place of another, one should not kill nor cause another to kill. (The Dhammapada) Speak not harshly to anyone, for those thus spoken to might retort. (The Dhammapada) In the movie, Siddhartha is intrinsically kind. Old Age: The man of little learning grows old like a bull. He grows only in bulk, but, his wisdom does not grow. (The Dhammapada) Those who in youth have not led the holy life, or have fai led to acquire wealth, languish like old cranes in the pond without fish. (The Dhammapada) The silly monks in the movie show that there are few links between age and wisdom. The self: One should first establish oneself in what is proper; then only should one instruct others. Thus the wise man will not be reproached. (The Dhammapada) By oneself is evil done; by oneself is one defiled. (The Dhammapada) By defeating his self, Siddhartha reaches his dhamma in the movie. The world: Lead a righteous life; lead not a base life. (The Dhammapada) Blind is the world; here only a few possess insight. Only a few, like birds escaping from the net, go to realms of bliss. (The Dhammapada) The world is depicted as a very secular place in the movie. The Buddha: Hard is it to be born a man; hard is the life of mortals. (The Dhammapada) Enduring patience is the highest austerity. â€Å"Nibbana is supreme,† say the Buddhas. He is not a true monk who harms another, nor a true renunciate who oppre sses others. (The Dhammapada) As the movie explains, â€Å"the gods often betray the wishes of mortal men† (Bertolucci). Happiness: Happy indeed we live, we who possess nothing. Feeders on joy we shall be, like the Radiant Gods. (The Dhammapada) There is no fire like lust and no crime like hatred (The Dhammapada). The movie declares that the happiness is an unattainable goal, which is still worth striving for: â€Å"In the end, happiness to us all, My Lord† (Bertolucci). Affection: From affection springs grief, from affection springs fear. (The Dhammapada) From craving springs grief, from craving springs fear. (The Dhammapada) Siddhartha is taught to take control of his passions in the movie. Anger: Overcome the angry by non-anger (The Dhammapada). Let a man guard himself against irritability in speech; let him be controlled in speech. (The Dhammapada) The training that the leading character undergoes represent the process of fighting anger. Impurity: Make an island un to yourself! Strive hard and become wise! (The Dhammapada) Unchastity is the taint in a woman; niggardliness is the taint in a giver. (The Dhammapada) The concept of purity is expressed through using the pronoun â€Å"he† when talking about the female llama: â€Å"Llama Dorje wasn’t a woman. He was the abbessof a convent† (Bertolucci). The just: Not by mere eloquence nor by beauty of form does a man become accomplished, if he is jealous, selfish and deceitful. (The Dhammapada) The sage (thus) rejecting the evil, is truly a sage. (The Dhammapada) The movie shows that being just is the ultimate path to Enlightenment. The path: Of all the paths the Eightfold Path is the best; of all the truths the Four Noble Truths are the best; of all things passionlessness is the best: of men the Seeing One (the Buddha) is the best. (The Dhammapada) The eight folds of the oath are shown through the stages of Siddhartha’s enlightenment. â€Å"All conditioned things are uns atisfactory† (The Dhammapada) Miscellaneous: If by renouncing a lesser happiness one may realize a greater happiness, let the wise man renounce the lesser, having regard for the greater. (The Dhammapada) Therefore, be not an aimless wanderer, be not a pursuer of suffering. (The Dhammapada) Suffering is mentioned several times in the movie as both the path to dhamma and something to free the world from: â€Å"I have been born to reach Enlightenment†¦ and free all creatures from suffering† (Bertolucci). Hell: There are many evil characters and uncontrolled men wearing the saffron robe. (The Dhammapada) Any loose act, any corrupt observance, any life of questionable celibacy — none of these bear much fruit. (The Dhammapada) Weirdly enough, the idea of hell does not occur in the movie. The elephant: Best among men is the subdued one who endures abuse. (The Dhammapada) Better it is to live alone; there is no fellowship with a fool. (The Dhammapada) By being able to withstand the arrogance of the rest of the world, he is able to reach dhamma. Craving: Whoever is overcome by this wretched and sticky craving, his sorrows grow like grass after the rains. (The Dhammapada) Beset by craving, people run about like an entrapped hare. (The Dhammapada) Siddhartha’s enemies are displayed in the movie as the people with wretched cravings. The monk: The monk who abides in the Dhamma, delights in the Dhamma, meditates on the Dhamma, and bears the Dhamma well in mind — he does not fall away from the sublime Dhamma. (The Dhammapada) Empty this boat, O monk! Emptied, it will sail lightly. Rid of lust and hatred, you shall reach Nibbana. (The Dhammapada) The final scene in the movie shows Siddhartha reaching Dhamma. The holy man: He who is free of cares and is unfettered — him do I call a holy man. (The Dhammapada) Because he has discarded evil, he is called a holy man. (The Dhammapada) Both verses can be referred to Siddhartha’s p ath of becoming a holy man. Two scenes stand out especially in the movie. To start with, Siddhartha’s first encounter with his demons is worth mentioning. Another impressive scene comes at the very end of the movie, when the sand mandala, which must have been representing the passage from the secular life to the Enlightenment. The given scenes represent the key Dhammapada postulates, i.e., the pursuit of wisdom and the completeness of the Path.  Finally, the showdown between Mara and Siddhartha deserves a mentioning. Though shot in a typically Hollywood traditions, it still carries the flair of the original story. The fight with Mara can also be considered an attempt to cease dukkha, i.e., access the Fourth Truth, seeing how Mara clearly represents Siddhartha’s tortures: â€Å"You are pure illusion, you do not exist. The earth is my witness† (Bertolucci). Works Cited Bertolucci, Bernardo (Dir.) and Jeremy Thomas (Ex. Prod.). Little Buddha. Keanu Reeves, Bridge t Fonda, Chris Isaac (Perf.). New York, NY: Miramax Films. 1993. Web. Netflix. The Dhammapada. n. d. Web. This essay on Little Buddha: The Path of the Enlightenment was written and submitted by user Hayley T. to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Education Essay

Education Essay There are many rules that are used for education essay writing which should be followed in order to write a good education essay. The word essay literally means an attempt; and hence essay is the name given to the form of composition which is a short attempt on a given topic. Usually it gives writer’s own opinions on some topic, but also gives details of a narrative, a description of some subject. The Education essay is the most interesting exercise in English composition writing. It is supposed to provide the students the best means of expressing their thoughts on an educational topic and thus of acquiring a command over language. No one can deny the importance of education essay. A good educational essay must be coherent and unified whole. The ideas in it should be stated briefly and clearly. It should display the charm of style and the language. The personal element should illuminate the whole. Suitable subject, good arrangement and effective language make a good education essay. Subject matter: The student should have enough knowledge about the subject he/she is writing about. This can be gained by various ways such as by reading books, periodicals and newspapers, by observation of life and by conversing with well-informed friends at different places of meeting. A good writer of education essays should have read a lot of general books on all sorts of subjects related to education and others as well. A good writer of education essays should keep his/her eyes open and if possible, keep a note-book in which he/she note all sorts of things that excite interest in everyday life. A good writer of education essays must be a good talker and a good listener wherever he finds people engaged in conversation on topics of various interests. After having read all that a student can possibly read about a subject, he/she should take the following steps: Clear his/her ideas about the subject: This means that the student should take a definite point of view and decide which line of thought he has to keep. Collect material: The student should make sure of what his/her point of view should include and then collect all possible material that lies within its context. Select important points: The student should see that all materials collected by him/her, is not to be included. The student should select all that can give his/her point of view without repetition or inclusion of irrelevant details. Divergent selection leading to obscurity must be avoided.

Vocabulary About Work in German

Vocabulary About Work in German Here is some work-related German vocabulary to practice with.die Arbeit - jobder Beruf/ die Karriere - careerdie Stelle - the positiondie Aufgabe - the taskdie ÃÅ"berstunde - overtimedie Vollzeitarbeit - full-time workdie Teilzeitarbeit - part-time workselbststndig - independentder Werktag - workdayder Feiertag - holidaydie Schichtarbeit - shift workdie Nachtschicht - night shiftdie Schwarzarbeit - moonlightingbeschftigen- to be occupieddas Personal - staffder Geschftsfà ¼hrer/ der Manager - managerder Kollege/ der Mitarbeiter - colleagueder Angestellte - employeeder Arbeitgeber - employerunterbezahlen - to underpayder Arbeitnehmer - employeein Streik treten - to go on strikeanwerben - to recruitdie Arbeitslosigkeit - unemploymentder Arbeitslose - unemployeddie Anwerbung - recruitmentdie Personalkà ¼rzung - staff cutbackstariflich festgelegt - contractualdie Einstellung - employmentdie Bewerbung - (job) applicationder Bewerber - apllicantbefà ¶rdern - to promotedie Teamarbeit - teamworkauf Stellensuche sein - to be job-huntingdie Erfahrung - experienceder Interview/ der Vortstellungsgesprch - interviewder Kopfjger - headhunterder Lebenslauf - curriculum vitaeder Arbeitsvertrag - employment contractder Arbeitsunfall - accident at workdie Versicherung - insurancedie Karriereleiter hinaufsteigen/ beruflich aufsteigen - to climb up the ladderzustndig fà ¼r - responsible forder Urlaub - vacationsich pensionieren - to retire

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

CASE STUDY ANALYSIS - Essay Example This resulted in lower demand of the beverages. Companies’ performances in the beverage industry have also been affected by the change in consumer preference. In the recent times, there has been a growing preference for sports drinks, energy drinks and vitamin-enhanced drinks. This has resulted in a decrease in the demand for the normal carbonated soft drinks. It is expected the decline will continue to take place as the preference for the alternative beverages continue to grow. This growing preference has created opportunities for new companies to join the beverages industry because it gives them a competitive advantage over the already established firms that major produce the carbonated soft drinks. As a result, the industry has expanded and with its expansion, the performance of already existing firms has declined. The declined could first be associated with the decreasing demand of the carbonated soft drinks. Secondly, the fall in performance is due to the increasing number of firms in the market competing for the same customers. The previously already established companies are also forced to start producing the alternative drinks in order to maintain their market share. The emergence and growth of new products that were not there before in the beverage industry have also contributed to the performances of the companies. There has been an increased growth of new products in the beverages industry. These new products threaten to displace the already existing products in the market. An example of a new product that was not in the market before is the Living Essentials’ 5-hour energy drink. This is a two- once energy shot drink. Since its introduction, it has been able to displace all the other energy drinks that were in the market. Its market share by 2009 was 85% of the market share of all the drinks falling in its category. Pricing is one of the strategies employed by Coca

Tort scenario Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Tort scenario - Case Study Example According to the Police Act of 1996, an off-duty police officer can exercise their powers if the situation dictates it, and thus places himself back on duty. This was the case when PC Yaro say Bully commit the crime and subsequently chased after him. So it is clear that PC Yaro did have the right to arrest bully under #1, so we can now move to number #2. If Bully had not resisted arrest in any way, then PC Yaro would not have been within his legal rights to simply punch Bully. However, as PC Yaro attempted to arrest Bully (having gone through the normal procedure), he was then kicked on the shin by the suspect. Even if Yaro were not a police officer attempting to complete a justified arrest, he would have the right to defend himself. He has just witnessed Bully committing a violent act against an old lady, and thus has the expectation of further violence from Bully. What tort might Bully accuse PC Yaro of The basic tort would be that of assault, which includes deliberate violence against another person (Van Gerven, 2001). What defenses would Yaro have First of all, police officers have a general power to use force for the purpose of effecting a lawful arrest, Second, there is the concept of self-defense. In this case, Yaro would need to prove that the use of force was necessary and that the degree of force was reasonable. It is clear that the defenses to this tort would outweig... It is clear that the defenses to this tort would outweigh any arguments that Bully might have. Indeed, it seems clear that Bully would probably be convicted of the criminal offense of assault on a police officer (see Forbes, 1865). There is no tortuous liability for PC Yaro in this situation. The Case of Jim and Elsie/Mother - Nervous Shock and Economic Loss Most tort law depends upon the consideration and finding of the duty of care owed by one person towards another. Nervous shock tends to involve a serious psychological effect upon the injured party (see Alcock, 1992) As a heavy goods vehicle driver, Jim owes a duty of care to other road users to perform his job in a responsible and careful manner. He is a professional driver and needs to act as such. If Jim had been talking on his mobile phone with his girlfriend and crashed into the sports car, then it would be clear that he would not have shown a sufficient duty of care, and might be regarded as either negligent or perhaps reckless. But this is not the case. In fact Jim was performing his duties as a professional driver admirably through trying to avoid the drunken pedestrian. Everything that occurred from that point on:- from the crash with the car, the nervous shock supposedly suffered by Elsie and her mother and the failure to buy the winning lottery ticket - came about because of this initial perfectly justifiable act upon the part of Jim. However, Elsie and her mother might have a case if it could be shown that the manner in which Jim avoided the pedestrian was negligent/reckless by the standards of a reasonable HGV driver. The facts that are given within the case do not show this was the case at all. For the sake of argument, let us assume that Jim did show

Food Regulations Essay Example for Free

Food Regulations Essay 1.State the administrative agency which controls the regulation. Explain why this agency and your proposed regulation interest you (briefly). Will this proposed regulation affect you or the business in which you are working? If so, how? Submit a copy of the proposed regulation along with your responses to these five questions. The proposed regulation can be submitted as either a separate Word document (.doc) or Adobe file (.pdf). This means you will submit two attachments to the Week 2 Drop box: (a) a Word document with the questions and your answers and (b) a copy of the proposed regulation you used for this assignment. (10 points) 2.Describe the proposal/change. (10 points) 3.Write the public comment that you would submit to this proposal. If the proposed regulation deadline has already passed, write the comment you would have submitted. Explain briefly what you wish to accomplish with your comment. (10 points) 4.Provide the deadline by which the public comment must be made. (If the date has already passed, please provide when the deadline was). (5 points) 5. Once you have submitted your comment, what will you are legally entitled to do later in the promulgation process (if you should choose to do so)? (See the textbooks discussion of the Administrative Procedure Act.) If the proposal passes, identify and explain the five legal theories you could use in an attempt to have (any) administrative regulation declared invalid and overturned in court. Which of these challenges would be the best way to challenge the regulation you selected for this assignment if you wanted to have the regulation overturned and why? Answer all of these questions for #5 even if you are in favor of your proposed regulation. The response to question 5 should be a minimum of 2–3 paragraphs long. (15 points) 1-FDA publishes rules that establish or modify the way it regulates foods, drugs, biologics, cosmetics, radiation-emitting electronic products, and medical devices commodities close to the daily lives of all Americans. FDA rules have considerable impact on the nations health, industries and economy. My concern is that under the federal law, a claim that a food is intended to diagnose, cure, mitigate, treat, or prevent disease makes that food a drug, and is unlawful. However, federal law provides for FDA approval of a health claim, which is a statement that characterizes the relationship of any substance to a disease or health-related condition (e.g. a claim that calcium may reduce the risk of osteoporosis). Under the statutory standard for approval, the claim must be supported by significant scientific agreement. (www.iflr.msu.edu/iflr/courses/united_states_food_laws) 2. The adequacy of federal oversight of food safety recently became the subject of intense media and Congressional scrutiny. The issue came to national prominence when contaminated food caused the death and illness of hundreds of people. The episode served to heighten awareness of the fact that an increasing proportion of the food consumed domestically is imported, and much of it from countries that do not have well established food safety systems. It also began to focus attention on the fact that FDA’s funding has not kept up with the responsibilities that have been heaped upon it over the past several years, and that FDA will need additional legal authority to effectively address some problem areas; they have adequate funding and resources. FDA covered the overall food safety systems of the countries, as well as their food safety systems such as specific commodity areas; i.e. seafood, including molluscan shellfish, imported meat products, vegetables and dairy products (exclu ding Grade A pasteurized milk products). (www.fda.gov/Food/InternationalActivities/Imports/default.htm) 3. The controversy over trans-fat offers an example of how one kind of regulation at the federal level can beget other forms of regulation at the state level. In 2006, an FDA regulation went into effect that requires listing the amount of trans-fat present in a packaged food on the label of that food. FDA did not go so far as to ban the use of trans-fat, something that some consumer groups were advocating. However, shortly after the issuance of FDA’s rule, state and local jurisdictions started stepping into the breach. A number of localities have banned the use of trans-fat in restaurant foods, and some states, such as California, have begun to follow suit. Faced with a patchwork of local requirements and the potential for adverse publicity, some major restaurant chains have reformulated their products to eliminate the use of trans-fat, however, nations wide has not complied or just finds a loophole to go around the system in avoiding such regulations. Another issue is the increasing concern of the status of federal regulation of foods and other products that contain nanomaterial. Both proponents and skeptics of nanotechnology hold the view that industry has raced ahead of regulatory authorities in bringing nanotech products to market, thereby increasing the potential for consumer injury and environmental harm. Thus, there is at least some support for stronger regulatory oversight of nanotech products in general, and of nanotech foods, including food additives and dietary supplements in specific. Recently, FDA announced that it will hold a public hearing to seek input on various aspects of its approach to regulation of nanotechnology. FDA likely will follow up on that hearing with the issuance of guidance documents specific to the product categories that it oversees. (www.mondaq.com/unitedstates/x/146784/Healthcare+Food) 4. By law, anyone should participate in the rule-making process by commenting in writing on rules FDA proposes. FDA routinely allows the public input and carefully considers the comments when it draws up a final rule. Another way to influence the way FDA does business is to petition the agency to issue, change or cancel a regulation, or to take other action. FDA will act to implement a provision of the FDA Amendments Act of 2007 that requires FDA to establish a reportable food registry, and that requires any person who submits a registration for a food facility under the Bioterrorism Act of 2002 to also notify FDA of instances of reportable food. A reportable food is one for which there exists a reasonable probability that use of, or exposure to, the food will cause serious adverse health consequences or death, the same standard that currently applies to Class I recalls, so the practical effect of the new provision should make it mandatory for companies to notify FDA of a Class I recall situation. FDA Petitions require careful preparation by the submitter, they spends considerable time and staff resources processing petitions. Individuals sometimes submit petitions, but most come from regulated industry or consumer groups. For example, a drug company might request a change in labeling for one of its products; a food company might ask that its product be exempted from some provision of a regulation; or a consumer group might petition FDA to tighten regulation of a certain product. (RegistrarCorp.com/FDA-Food) 5. Health claims have been the subject of considerable controversy. After protracted litigation, federal courts ruled that FDA cannot impose an outright ban on claims that have some scientific support but fail to meet the statutory standard of significant scientific agreement. FDA’s strict application of the statutory standard was held to violate the First Amendment of the US Constitution, which protects against government infringement of speech that is not false or misleading. In response to those court decisions, FDA should develop a process for approval of qualified health claims; in order to attempt and describe the strength of the scientific evidence that supports a claim. Qualified health claims should be the subject of controversy in their own right. Some observers believe that qualified health claims are as likely to mislead as to inform consumers, and opposition to their use has grown to the point where Congressional representatives have asked FDA to stop approving them altogether. It remains to be seen how the controversy will be resolved, given that FDA’s current approach was essentially forced on it by the judiciary. (www.iflr.msu.edu/iflr/courses/united_states_food_laws) References: FDA gov Homepage – U.S Food and Drug Administration homepage; Retrieved form www.fda.gov January 19th, 2013 US FDA Food Regulations/FDA Beverage Regulations; Retrieved from www.registrarcorp.com/fda-food/index.jsp? January 20, 2013 Importing Food Products into the United States; Retrieved from www.fda.gov/Food/InternationalActivities/Imports/default.htm . January 20, 2013 United States – FDA Food Labeling Regulations; Retrieved from www.ladas.com/BULLETINS/1994/0694Bulletin/US_Food

Metaphysical Thoughts During the Enlightenment Period Essays -- Americ

Metaphysical Thoughts During the Enlightenment Period The eighteenth century was fraught with change. Dryden, Pope and Johnson were dominating the literature. Fahrenheit was building his first mercury thermometer. The Boston Tea Party and the French Revolution occurred. However, some of the most drastic changes occurred in thought. Prior to the eighteenth century, thinkers such as Locke, Spinoza, Descartes, and Hobbes dominated Western thought to the extent that they changed the way people viewed the world. Consequently, much of the eighteenth century philosophy, as well as the general thought, was a product of these precursors. Either in replying to them, or as a direct consequence of their ideas, the eighteenth century responded to these great thinkers. The first philosophical movement responding to the thinkers of the 17th century that will be discussed is the rationalist movement. It is generally known to be started by Descartes in the 17th century, while the torch was carried by Spinoza and then Leibniz up until his death in 1716. Two things distinguished the rationalists from their empiricist counterparts. The rationalists believed that foundational concepts of reality were found in reason, not experience. These foundational concepts are called innate ideas, and from these innate ideas the rationalists believed that one could deduce truth, much in the way geometrical proofs are thought out. An easy illustration of how the rationalists use causality as a tool to derive metaphysical truths is by using it as a starting point. By using the principle that every event has a cause, it appears that certain metaphysical truths may be uncovered. For example, Descartes uses causality as a proof for God's existen... ...too, do the characters in the play, believing that reality is the same as they perceive it. They also believe in Cartesian dualism, since they carry the classical theistic conception of God. If they are truly Christian in faith, they have to believe that the soul is separate from the body, or their beliefs become contradictory. Works Cited â€Å"Hume, David.† The Oxford Companion to Philosophy. 10th ed. 1995. Kant, Immanuel. Critique of Pure Reason. Trans. Werner S. Pluhar. Cambridge: Library of Congress, 1996. McGreal, Ian P. Great Thinkers of the Western World. New York, NY: Harper, 1992. Nolan, Lawrence, "Descartes' Ontological Argument", The Stanford Encyclopedia of Philosophy. 15 November 2003. (Summer 2001 Edition), Edward N. Zalta (ed.),URL=<http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2001/entries /descartes-ontological/>.

Do Video Games Kill Essay

According to the article â€Å"Do Video Games Kill?† author, Karen Sternheimer, brings up an interesting and controversial subject about video games. â€Å"If we want to understand why young people, particularly middle class or other stable environments, become homicidal, we need to look beyond the games they play.† Sternheimer starts her article by giving an example of the video game â€Å"Doom† that became a target for critics. Shooting at the schools in Kentucky, Oregon, and Colorado were most probably caused by video games. The author sticks to this explanation because of many influential opinions from politicians, news, and different groups of people. Media is providing information to the public about shooters being the ones who are playing video games. The politicians, as well as the FBI are claiming that the only logical explanation for people committing irrational decisions and exhibit aggressions is playing violent games. Those video games have represented a variety of social anxieties such as computer technology, the ability of adults to control what young people do and know. In addition, politicians came up with an idea that everything video games contain are immorality and crime. As mentioned above, politicians are not the only ones, who are blaming video games as a cause of every crime and abnormal behavior of people. After shootings at schools in many places throughout America, political intervention accelerates newspapers and news immediately to respond to those incidents by blaming the use of video games. Famous newspapers such as New York Times, Pittsburgh Post-Gazette, are making headlines, in which they are accusing â€Å"Days of Doom† of the shooting. Media created fear among people, who tend to connect negative sides of media to major issues. Sternheimer argues that you cannot blame the producers and manufactures of things that had caused harm to others. It is the people who cause the harm not the video games themselves. The author tried to explain to people to look deeper for the cause, other than to just blame video games. Although people have tried to sue the producers and manufactures, they have not won their cases in the courts.

Dimensions of Intelligence: The Nature and Properties

There is a wide debate as to how intelligence can be defined. Different scholars and researchers argue about the nature and properties that can be definitive of intelligence (Paik 1998). There are also different theories as to the nature of intelligence, but the debate that stands out is whether it has a general intelligence or multiple intelligences (Paik 1998). The school of though that consider a single general intelligence theory points out how there is but one factor that intelligence can be derived from while the other school of thought sees different kinds of intelligence (Paik 1998). However, most believes in the fact that there are different levels of intelligence and how different people have different capacities for it (Paik 1998). Models of Intelligence Sternberg Model Robert Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence exemplified propositions that came from the multiple intelligence schools of thought. This theory dictates three categories of intelligence; analytic or componential intelligence, creative or experiential dimension of intelligence, and practical or contextual aspect of intelligence (Krelof 2002). The analytic dimension pertains to different methods people use in order to analyze information or to process facts in their minds thus becoming a very critical portion of intelligence (Krelof 2002). The components of this dimension consist of the Metacomponents, Performance components, and Knowledge-acquisition components (Krelof 2002). On the other hand, the creative or experiential dimension refers to how people approach new things with its novelty component and he can handle repeated tasks as seen with its automatization (Krelof 2002). The third dimension is the practical dimension that shows how someone relates or adapts to the environmental or sociocultural context and shapes the current environment (Krelof 2002). Understanding Sternberg’s theory implies that there cannot be a single test that can fully account for the different dimensions of intelligence he had mentioned as there are different skill areas involved in the testing (Krelof 2002). Spearman Model According to Charles Spearman, there is a single unitary quality in the brain or the human mind that qualifies his theory under the general intelligence school of thought. He developed a psychometric definition for intelligence and believes in an entity called in the general factor that encompasses the singleness of the intelligence factor or â€Å"one pool of mental energy† (Plucker 2007). Gardner Model Howard Gardner was the one who promotes his own theory of multiple intelligences (Li 1996, p. 33). The uniqueness of his theory from other multiple theorists is his theory is grounded on a biological basis of intelligence (Li 1996, p. 33). This theory is able to isolate seven distinct human abilities that represented seven intelligences (Li 1996, p. 33). He also added a number of other types of abilities that was an offshoot from Thurstone and Guilford’s single ability which was the intellectual ability (Li 1996, p.33). He presented human symbols system that included linguistic, logical, numerical, musical, bodily, spatial, and personal symbols system (Li 1996, p. 33). Analysis of Models There are different theorists that supports that there is but one kind of intelligence and there is a single factor that determines intelligence (Paik 1998). Spearman’s model is the perfect example of this group. In complete contrast, Sternberg and Gardner both puts forth that there are multiple intelligences. However, the multiple intelligence theorists cannot seem to agree as to how many kinds of intelligences are there (Paik 1998). Even though Gardner and Sternberg follow the same school of thought that involves multiple intelligences, Sternberg believes in three dimensions of intelligence while Gardner believes in seven (Paik 1998). Sternberg’s theory is an attempt to reinterpret intelligence according to cognitive terms or under an information processing framework (Li 1998, p.69). He skips the general/pluralist intelligence debate and redefines the domains of intelligence and placed intelligence as a phenomenon that can be dissected into smaller parts (Li 1998, p. 69). On the other side, Gardner promotes the multiple intelligence position and approaches the issue of intelligence based on biology and macrophysics as his pieces of evidence (Li 1998, p. 69). Gardner and Sternberg through their theories presented different definitions of intelligence. For Gardner it was the ability to solve problems within one or more cultural settings (Li 1998, p. 75). While Sternberg sees it as a mental capability from contextual behavior from different regions of the mind (Li 1998, p. 75). Multiple Intelligence Theory Gardner offered two premises and a conclusion from his theory. According to his first premise, â€Å"If it can be found that certain brain parts can distinctively map with certain cognitive functioning then that cognitive functioning can be isolated as one candidate of multiple intelligences† (Li 1998, p. 34). His second premise states, â€Å"Now it has been found that certain brain parts do distinctively map with certain cognitive functioning, as evidenced by certain brain damage leading to loss of certain cognitive function† (Li 1998, p. 34). The conclusion would be the existence of multiple intelligences. The argument is valid and it is taken from neuroscientific evidence (Li 1998, p. 34). His theory has strong support from neuroscience, neuroanatomy, and clinical cases before he concluded brain modularity and multiple intelligences (Li 1998, p. 34). Compared to Sternberg’s treatment of his knowledge-acquisition component that reflects a rather sketchy, inadequate and unclear mechanism, Gardner has presented a more well-rounded and evidence-based theory to the thinking and learning in relation to intelligence (Li 1998, pp. 11-12). References Krelof, N. (2002). Robert Sternberg. Retrieved on October 29, 2007. Li, R. (1996). A Theory of Conceptual Intelligence: Thinking, Learning, Creativity, and Giftedness. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers. Paik, H. (1998). One Intelligence or Many? Alternative Approaches to Cognitive Abilities. Retrieved on October 29, 2007 Plucker, J. (2007). Charles Spearman. Retrieved on October 29, 2007, from http://www.indiana.edu/%7Eintell/spearman.shtml. Spearman, C. (1904). General Intelligences: Objectively determined and measured. American Journal of Psychology (15), p 201-293, also retrieved on October 29, 2007, from http://psychclassics.yorku.ca/Spearman/chap5.htm.   

Time Values for Access SQL in Delphi

Format Date/Time Values for Access SQL in Delphi Ever get the awful Parameter object is improperly defined. Inconsistent or incomplete information was provided JET error? Heres how to rectify the situation. When you need to create a SQL query against ​an Access database where a date (or a date time) value is used you need to make sure the correct formatting is used. For example, in a SQL query: SELECT * FROM TBL WHERE DateField 10/12/2008 you want to get all the records from the table named TBL where a general date field DateField equals 10/12/2008. Is the line above clear? Is that December, 10 or October, 12? Luckily, we are pretty sure the year in the query is 2008. Should the date part of the query be specified as MM/DD/YYYY or DD/MM/YYYY or maybe YYYYMMDD? And do regional settings play a role here? MS Access, Jet, Date Time Formatting When using Access and JET (dbGo - ADO Delphi controls) the formatting of the SQL for the date field should *always* be: #YYYY-MM-DD# Anything else might work in limited testing but can often lead to unexpected results or errors on the users machine. Heres a custom Delphi function you can use to format a date value for the Access SQL query. function DateForSQL(const date : TDate) : string;var   Ã‚  y, m, d : word; begin   Ã‚  DecodeDate(date, y, m, d) ;   Ã‚  result : Format(#%.*d-%.*d-%.*d#,[4, y, 2, m, 2, d]) ; end; For January 29, 1973 the function will return the string #1973-01-29#. Access SQL Date Time Format? As for the date and time formatting, the general format is: #yyyy-mm-dd HH:MM:SS# This is: #year-month-daySPACEhour:minute:second# As soon as you construct a valid date time string for the SQL using the above general format and try it using any of Delphis dataset components as TADOQuery, you will receive the awful Parameter object is improperly defined. Inconsistent or incomplete information was provided error at run-time! The problem with the format above is in the : character - as it is used for parameters in parametrized Delphi queries. As in ... WHERE DateField :dateValue - here dateValue is a parameter and the : is used to mark it. One way to fix the error is to use another format for date/time (replace : with .): #yyyy-mm-dd HH.MM.SS# And heres a custom Delphi function to return a string from a date time value you can use when constructing SQL queries for Access where you need to search for a date-time value: function DateTimeForSQL(const dateTime : TDateTime) : string;var   Ã‚  y, m, d : word;   Ã‚  hour, min, sec, msec : word; begin   Ã‚  DecodeDate(dateTime, y, m, d) ;   Ã‚  DecodeTime(dateTime, hour, min, sec, msec) ;   Ã‚  result : Format(#%.*d-%.*d-%.*d %.*d.%.*d.%.*d#,[4, y, 2, m, 2, d, 2, hour, 2, min, 2, sec]) ; end; The format looks weird but will result in the correctly formatted date time string value to be used in SQL queries! Heres a shorter version using the FormatDateTime routine: function DateTimeForSQL(const dateTime : TDateTime) : string;begin   Ã‚  result : FormatDateTime(#yyyy-mm-dd hh.nn.ss#, dateTime) ; end;

What Is Source Code in Computer Programming

What Is Source Code in Computer Programming Source  code is the list of human-readable instructions that a programmer writes- often in a word processing program- when he is developing a program. The source code is run through a  compiler  to turn it into machine code, also called object code, that a computer can understand and execute. Object code consists primarily of 1s and 0s, so it isnt human-readable.   Source Code Example Source code and object code are the before and after states of a computer program that is compiled. Programming languages that compile their code include C, C, Delphi, Swift, Fortran, Haskell, Pascal and many others. Here is an example of C  language source code: /* Hello World program */#includestdio.hmain(){printf(Hello World)} You dont have to be a computer programmer to tell that this code has something to do with printing Hello World. Of course, most source code is much more complex than this example. It is not unusual for software programs to have millions of lines of code. Windows 10 operating system is reported to have about 50 million lines of code. Source Code Licensing Source code can be either proprietary or open. Many companies closely guard their source code. Users can use the compiled code, but they cannot see or modify it. Microsoft Office is an example of proprietary source code. Other companies post their code on the internet where it is free to anyone to download. Apache OpenOffice is an example of open source software code. Interpreted Program Languages Code Some programming languages such as JavaScript are not compiled into machine code but are  interpreted  instead. In these cases, the distinction between source code and object code does not apply because there is only one code. That single code is the source code, and it can be read and copied. In some cases, developers of this code may intentionally encrypt it to prevent viewing. Programming languages that are interpreted include Python, Java, Ruby, Perl, PHP, Postscript, VBScript and many others.

Corporate strategy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Corporate strategy - Essay Example Weaknesses also include the competitive edge of companies like Apple and the iPad device that is expected by many experts to have a high share of the market by the end of 2011. Competition is a weakness to moving forward and gaining profit in certain market environments because of this. Strengths include consumer interest in new innovations that are being provided by pc makers both in the engineering environment and in the consumer sector. Online blogs that provide short-term publicity further reinforce this interest when viewing reputable, industry related articles on the Internet. Some even predicted a 6.1 percent growth in this market. Strengths are also consumer demand for these products that is built by business and personal lifestyle. Opportunities include finding new advertising methods . This would outperform other companies and take away some of the reputation from their products if it has a connection with buyer markets. This is true with consumer markets only and does not seem to impact large business buyers. Threats to the industry include rising competition and faster output of innovative and competitive products in many markets. Threats to the business model are also price-sensitive issues spilling into higher paying customer groups due to economic conditions or drops in demand. New business oppportunity So much of it would depend on the manufacturing ability of the company along with the costs of raw products in order to decide which market is best or worst. The work horse has the most devoted customers and therefore has less room for growth. It demands more performance which would alter the costs of supply strategy. Even though it is a higher price, it only has importance in offices that will allow for only so much more expansion. Mercedes is far from high performance on the positioning map. But, the segment information shows a much smaller segment, however much less purchasing frequency. It would require top performing products to make it opera te to specifications. This is a cost factor when thinking about production. The expansion rate of engineering and manufacturing businesses does not seem to be as rapid as once before. Speed of new customer gaining would be limited in this market and the higher price would probably not offset the costs of trying to capture the market. The traveler needs a computer for use in business. It shows price-sensitive buyers and this is also noticeable in how companies might be using price to show their market differentiation. IDC is using marketing strategy using price awareness and other interactive concepts when promoting their systems (Idc.com, 2011). If there is the potential of a pricing war in a larger sized market segment related to competition, it might not represent a long-term opportunity. At the same time there is a need rather than a personal feeling regarding the need for the traveler product that will make their decisions. There is much less emotion attached to this product the n and more decisions that are based on value and probably reliability. Competition from products like the iPad would also have a negative impact on this market. The work horse is the best market to allow competitors to serve since it will probably not expand further than it has already been developed to be for use in personal computing. Without a formal innovation that requires replacement of their current products, the product lifecycle is a long one before